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In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. A flavoprotein is a protein that contains a flavin group , which may be in the form of FAD or flavin mononucleotide (FMN).
Sal alembroth – salt composed of chlorides of ammonium and mercury. Sal ammoniac – ammonium chloride. Sal petrae (Med. Latin: "stone salt")/salt of petra/saltpetre/nitrate of potash – potassium nitrate, KNO 3, typically mined from covered dungheaps. Salt/common salt – a mineral, sodium chloride, NaCl, formed by evaporating seawater ...
Structure of the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase tetramer. FAD molecules are shown in yellow. The medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) is the best known structure of all ACADs, and is the most commonly deficient enzyme within the class that leads to metabolic disorders in animals. [1]
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate , and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester ) as a substrate.
For example, nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrobacter oxidize nitrite to nitrate, which releases sufficient energy to pump protons and generate ATP, but not enough to produce NADH directly. [64] As NADH is still needed for anabolic reactions, these bacteria use a nitrite oxidoreductase to produce enough proton-motive force to run part of the ...
The net gain from one cycle is 3 NADH and 1 FADH 2 as hydrogen (proton plus electron) carrying compounds and 1 high-energy GTP, which may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH 2, and 2 ATP. [12] [13] [8]: 90–91
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Trisodium phosphate. A sodium phosphate is a generic variety of salts of sodium (Na +) and phosphate (PO 3− 4). Phosphate also forms families or condensed anions including di-, tri-, tetra-, and polyphosphates. Most of these salts are known in both anhydrous (water-free) and hydrated forms ...
The electrons from this reaction then reduce FAD to FADH2, which ultimately reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. As of 2020, about 61 cases have been reported with genetic studies, [ 1 ] but there are also documented cases of CII deficiencies as determined by biochemical and histological analysis ...