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Canada had also practiced segregation, and a Canadian Ku Klux Klan exists. [34] [35] Racial profiling occurs in cities such as Halifax, Toronto and Montreal. [36] [37] Black people made up 3% of the Canadian population in 2016, and 9% of the population of Toronto (which has the largest communities of Caribbean and African immigrants). [38]
Through anti-Black racism did exist in Canada, as the Black population in Canada was extremely small, there was nothing comparable to the massive campaign directed against Asian immigration, the so-called "Yellow Peril", which was a major political issue in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially in British Columbia.
Unlike in the United States, racial segregation in Canada applied to all non-whites and was historically enforced through laws, court decisions and social norms with a closed immigration system that barred virtually all non-whites from immigrating until 1962. Section 38 of the 1910 Immigration Act permitted the government to prohibit the entry ...
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As Black students were frequently excluded from public education, Black community members often established their own schools or took on teaching positions. As activists, Mary Bibb and her husband, Henry Bibb, initiated various projects to serve and uplift Canada West’s growing Black population, including establishing a school in Sandwich. [15]
Due to a rise in anti-black racism in the southern United States that followed, among other things, the introduction of the Jim Crow laws, Canada experienced an influx of interest from prospective black immigrants in the early twentieth century.
The governor-general of Canada, Roland Michener, was touring the West Indies at the time. He was unable to give a speech at the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies in Port of Spain, the capital of Trinidad and Tobago, as various radical students accused Canada of being a racist country. [8]
Canada's exclusionary immigration policy continued to unravel and eventually became a point system in the Immigration Act, 1967. [3] By the 1960s, black activism was becoming more vocal in Montreal and the black community was beginning to take a stronger stand against racism. [5]