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Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as alc/vol or ABV) is a standard measure of the volume of alcohol contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage, expressed as a volume percent. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is defined as the number of millilitres (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of solution at 20 °C (68 °F).
With typical values of 1.050 and 1.010 for, respectively, OG and FG this simplified formula gives an ABV of 5.31% as opposed to 5.23% for the more accurate formula. Formulas for alcohol similar to this last simple one abound in the brewing literature and are very popular among home brewers.
The term was originally used in England and from 1816 was equal to about 1.75 times the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV). The United Kingdom today uses ABV instead of proof. In the United States, alcohol proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV. The definition of proof in terms of ABV varies from country to country.
A basic formula [4] to calculate beer strength based on the difference between the original and final SG is: A B V = 131.25 ( O G − F G ) {\displaystyle ABV=131.25(OG-FG)} The formula below [ 5 ] is an alternate equation which provides more accurate estimates at higher alcohol percentages (it is typically used for beers above 6 or 7%).
With strong bases such as sodium hydride or sodium they form salts [a] called alkoxides, with the general formula RO − M + (where R is an alkyl and M is a metal). R−OH + NaH → R−O − Na + + H 2 2 R−OH + 2 Na → 2 R−O − Na + + H 2. The acidity of alcohols is strongly affected by solvation. In the gas phase, alcohols are more ...
Protein folding problem: Is it possible to predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polypeptide sequence based solely on the sequence and environmental information? Inverse protein-folding problem: Is it possible to design a polypeptide sequence which will adopt a given structure under certain environmental conditions?
[1] [2] It can also refer to the chemical formula for that unit. Those structures do not consist of discrete molecules, and so for them, the term formula unit is used. In contrast, the terms molecule or molecular formula are applied to molecules. [3] The formula unit is used as an independent entity for stoichiometric calculations.
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities are on the right-hand side with a plus sign between the entities in both the reactants and the products, and an arrow that points towards the products to show the direction of the reaction. [1]