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Scientists study the behaviour of isolated cells grown in the laboratory for insights into how cells function in the body in health and disease. Experiments using cell culture are used for developing new diagnostic tests and new treatments for diseases. This is a list of major breast cancer cell lines that are primarily used in breast cancer ...
The ATM gene promoter was observed to be hypermethylated in 53% of small (impalpable) breast cancers [31] and was hypermethylated in 78% of stage II or greater breast cancers with a highly significant correlation (P = 0.0006) between reduced ATM mRNA abundance and aberrant methylation of the ATM gene promoter. [32]
[3] [4] [5] Breast cancer is consensually considered genetically and clinically as a heterogeneous disease, in that it reflects the heterogeneity of the normal breast tissue at its origin17873350. [6] A number of discrete genetic events have to occur in order to enable individual tumor cells that have the capacity to grow at an ectopic site.
Women who are A–T carriers (who have one mutated copy of the ATM gene) have approximately a two-fold increased risk for the development of breast cancer compared to the general population. [19] [20] This includes all mothers of A–T children and some female relatives. The current consensus is that special screening tests are not helpful, but ...
Of note, similar gene expression patterns associated with metastatic behaviour of breast cancer tumor cells have also been found in breast cancer of dog, the most common tumor of the female dog. [5] [6] Presented below are ways that gene expression profiling has been used to more precisely classify tumors into subgroups, often with clinical effect.
These genes are involved in pathways known to contribute to cancer pathogenesis, but before this study most would not have been candidates for targeted gene therapy. This analysis validated the approach of whole cancer genome sequencing in identifying somatic mutations and the importance of parallel sequencing of normal and tumor cell genomes.
Molecular classification of breast cancer from mRNA expression profiles. DNA microarrays have compared normal cells to breast cancer cells and found differences in the expression of hundreds of genes. Although the significance of many of those genetic differences is unknown, independent analyses by different research groups has found that ...
Furthermore, it is possible for genetic variability to be further increased by some cancer therapies (e.g. treatment with temozolomide and other chemotherapy drugs). [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Mutational tumor heterogeneity refers to variations in mutation frequency in different genes and samples and can be explored by MutSig Archived 2017-10-03 at the ...
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