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Fructose malabsorption, formerly named dietary fructose intolerance (DFI), is a digestive disorder [1] in which absorption of fructose is impaired by deficient fructose carriers in the small intestine's enterocytes. This results in an increased concentration of fructose. Intolerance to fructose was first identified and reported in 1956. [2]
Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a rare disorder; only a few hundred cases have been identified worldwide. However, as many as 10 percent of the population may have a somewhat reduced capacity for glucose absorption without associated health problems. This condition may be a milder variation of glucose-galactose malabsorption. [2]
The primary treatment for insulin resistance is exercise and weight loss. [59] Both metformin and thiazolidinediones improve insulin sensitivity. Metformin is approved for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and has become one of the more commonly prescribed medications for insulin resistance. [60]
UK and international clinical practice guidelines do not recommend metformin as a first-line treatment [57] or do not recommend it at all, except for women with glucose intolerance. [58] The guidelines suggest clomiphene as the first medication option and emphasize lifestyle modification independently from medical treatment.
Prediabetes is a component of metabolic syndrome and is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that fall below the threshold to diagnose diabetes mellitus.It usually does not cause symptoms but people with prediabetes often have obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and/or low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. [1]
With a prevalence of 6-20% among pregnant women globally, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance developing or initially recognized during pregnancy. [67] Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin has been the cornerstone of insulin therapy during pregnancy, administered two to four times per day.
For diabetics, glucose levels that are considered to be too hyperglycemic can vary from person to person, mainly due to the person's renal threshold of glucose and overall glucose tolerance. On average, however, chronic levels above 10–12 mmol/L (180–216 mg/dL) can produce noticeable organ damage over time.
The primary treatment goal is the prevention of hypoglycemia and secondary metabolic derangements by frequent feedings of foods high in glucose or starch (which is readily digested to glucose). To compensate for the inability of the liver to provide sugar, the total amount of dietary carbohydrates should approximate the 24-hour glucose ...
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