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The concentration of vanadium in the blood of ascidian tunicates is as much as ten million times higher [specify] [102] [103] than the surrounding seawater, which normally contains 1 to 2 μg/L. [104] [105] The function of this vanadium concentration system and these vanadium-bearing proteins is still unknown, but the vanadocytes are later ...
Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements , niobium and tantalum , are somewhat more limited to the +5 oxidation state. [ 1 ]
The cross product appears in the calculation of the distance of two skew lines (lines not in the same plane) from each other in three-dimensional space. The cross product can be used to calculate the normal for a triangle or polygon, an operation frequently performed in computer graphics. For example, the winding of a polygon (clockwise or ...
2 has an overall charge of −1, so each of its two equivalent oxygen atoms is assigned an oxidation state of − 1 / 2 . This ion can be described as a resonance hybrid of two Lewis structures, where each oxygen has an oxidation state of 0 in one structure and −1 in the other.
Vanadium forms oxides in the +2, +3, +4 and +5 oxidation states, forming vanadium(II) oxide (VO), vanadium(III) oxide (V 2 O 3), vanadium(IV) oxide (VO 2) and vanadium(V) oxide (V 2 O 5). Vanadium(V) oxide or vanadium pentoxide is the most common, being precursor to most alloys and compounds of vanadium, and is also a widely used industrial ...
The density of these lines corresponds to the electric field strength, which could also be called the electric flux density: the number of "lines" per unit area. Electric flux is directly proportional to the total number of electric field lines going through a surface. For simplicity in calculations it is often convenient to consider a surface ...
C corresponds to the electronic charge of the species relative to the site that it occupies. The charge of the species is calculated by the charge on the current site minus the charge on the original site. To continue the previous example, Ni often has the same valency as Cu, so the relative charge is zero. To indicate a null charge, × is used
The chromium(IV) ion [CrO(H 2 O) 5] 2+, similar to the vanadium ion has been proposed on the basis of indirect evidence. [63] The uranyl ion, UO 2+ 2, has a trans structure. The aqua ion UO 2+ 2 (aq) has five water molecules in the plane perpendicular to the O-U-O axis in a pentagonal bipyramid structure, point group D 5h.