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T is the unit vector tangent to the curve, pointing in the direction of motion. N is the normal unit vector, the derivative of T with respect to the arclength parameter of the curve, divided by its length. B is the binormal unit vector, the cross product of T and N. The Frenet–Serret formulas are:
Animation of the torsion and the corresponding rotation of the binormal vector. Let r be a space curve parametrized by arc length s and with the unit tangent vector T.If the curvature κ of r at a certain point is not zero then the principal normal vector and the binormal vector at that point are the unit vectors
Differentiable curve. Differential geometry of curves is the branch of geometry that deals with smooth curves in the plane and the Euclidean space by methods of differential and integral calculus. Many specific curves have been thoroughly investigated using the synthetic approach. Differential geometry takes another path: curves are represented ...
The multivariate normal distribution is said to be "non-degenerate" when the symmetric covariance matrix is positive definite. In this case the distribution has density [5] where is a real k -dimensional column vector and is the determinant of , also known as the generalized variance.
The Darboux vector provides a concise way of interpreting curvature κ and torsion τ geometrically: curvature is the measure of the rotation of the Frenet frame about the binormal unit vector, whereas torsion is the measure of the rotation of the Frenet frame about the tangent unit vector. [2]
A unit vector is often denoted by a lowercase letter with a circumflex, or "hat", as in (pronounced "v-hat"). The normalized vector û of a non-zero vector u is the unit vector in the direction of u, i.e., where ‖ u ‖ is the norm (or length) of u. [1][2] The term normalized vector is sometimes used as a synonym for unit vector. A unit ...
In 3-dimensional geometry and vector calculus, an area vector is a vector combining an area quantity with a direction, thus representing an oriented area in three dimensions. Every bounded surface in three dimensions can be associated with a unique area vector called its vector area. It is equal to the surface integral of the surface normal ...
Darboux frame. In the differential geometry of surfaces, a Darboux frame is a natural moving frame constructed on a surface. It is the analog of the Frenet–Serret frame as applied to surface geometry. A Darboux frame exists at any non- umbilic point of a surface embedded in Euclidean space. It is named after French mathematician Jean Gaston ...
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