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In later stages of pregnancy, a simple Doppler fetal monitor can be used to quantify the fetal heart rate. A fetal heartbeat can be detected at around 17 to 20 weeks of gestation when the chambers of the heart have become sufficiently developed. [20] During childbirth, the parameter is part of cardiotocography, which is where the fetal ...
A Zigzag pattern of fetal heart rate (FHR) is defined as FHR baseline amplitude changes of more than 25 beats per minute (bpm) with a minimum duration of 2 minutes and maximum of 30 minutes. [19] However, according to another study, even a >1 min duration of the zigzag pattern is associated with an increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. [21]
The fetal circulatory system includes three shunts to divert blood from undeveloped and partially functioning organs, as well as blood supply to and from the placenta. In humans, the circulatory system is different before and after birth. The fetal circulation is composed of the placenta, umbilical blood vessels encapsulated by the umbilical ...
A contraction stress test (CST) is performed near the end of pregnancy (34 weeks' gestation) to determine how well the fetus will cope with the contractions of childbirth. The aim is to induce contractions and monitor the fetus to check for heart rate abnormalities using a cardiotocograph. A CST is one type of antenatal fetal surveillance ...
Fetal distress. Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. [2][1][3] The term "non-reassuring fetal status" has largely replaced it ...
A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations. "Reactive" is defined as the presence of two or more fetal heart rate accelerations within a 20-minute period. Each ...
The American Heart Association states the normal resting adult human heart rate is 60–100 bpm. An ultra-trained athlete would have a resting heart rate of 37–38 bpm. [3] Tachycardia is a high heart rate, defined as above 100 bpm at rest. [4] Bradycardia is a low heart rate, defined as below 60 bpm at rest.
Biophysical profile. A biophysical profile (BPP) is a prenatal ultrasound evaluation of fetal well-being involving a scoring system, [1] with the score being termed Manning's score.[2] It is often done when a non-stress test (NST) is non reactive, or for other obstetrical indications. The "modified biophysical profile" consists of the NST and ...