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Individuals diagnosed with bipolar who have a family history of bipolar disorder are at a greater risk for more frequent manic/hypomanic episodes. [173] Early onset and psychotic features are also associated with worse outcomes, [ 174 ] [ 175 ] as well as subtypes that are nonresponsive to lithium.
Bipolar disorder, cyclothymia, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, dysthymia, major depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, seasonal affective disorder: Causes: Family history, previous diagnosis of a mood disorder, trauma, stress or major life changes in the case of depression, physical illness or use of certain medications.
Schizoaffective disorder is a mental disorder characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder - either bipolar disorder or depression. [4] [5] The main diagnostic criterion is the presence of psychotic symptoms for at least two weeks without prominent mood symptoms. [5]
The diagnostic criteria are established from self-reported experiences from patients or their family members, the psychiatric assessment, and the mental status examination. In addition, Screening instruments like the Mood Disorders Questionnaire are helpful tools in determining a patient's status on the bipolar spectrum.
Bipolar spectrum – Bipolar I – bipolar disorder with at least one manic episode (with or without psychotic features), possibly with hypomanic and/or depressive episodes as well; Psychotic features – psychosis experienced in some cases of Bipolar I disorder, typically during mania or a severe depressive episode
A hesitant search for mass graves by survivors and family members began after 1998, although little has been found. Over three decades later, great enmity remains in Indonesian society over the events. [171] The Supardjo Document is a copy of the personal notes of General Supardjo regarding the 30 September Movement. It is one of the few ...
While there is limited understanding regarding the development of bipolar disorder, research shows that there are many environmental and biological risk factors. [2] Family history is a strong predictor of childhood development of bipolar disorder, with genetics contributing to risk by up to 50%.
Bipolar I disorder requires confirmation of only 1 full manic episode for diagnosis, but may be associated with hypomanic and depressive episodes as well. [7] Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder does not include a full manic episode; instead, it requires the occurrence of both a hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode. [7]