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In Indigenous American companion planting, maize (Zea mays), beans (wild beans and vetches [3] spp.), and squash (Cucurbita pepo) are planted close together. The maize and beans are often planted together in mounds formed by hilling soil around the base of the plants each year; squash is typically planted between the mounds. [4]
It has been adapted by and to other countries (such as Canada) in various forms. A plant may be described as "hardy to zone 10": this means that the plant can withstand a minimum temperature of 30 to 40 °F (−1.1 to 4.4 °C). Unless otherwise specified, in American contexts "hardiness zone" or simply "zone" usually refers to the USDA scale.
Cucurbita pepo is a cultivated plant of the genus Cucurbita. It yields varieties of winter squash and pumpkin, but the most widespread varieties belong to the subspecies Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo, called summer squash. [3] It has been domesticated in the Americas for thousands of years. [4]
Staples of indigenous Texan agriculture which remain important in the 21st century are corn, beans, squash, pecans, and prickly pear. [4] Cultivation of mung bean here began during World War II when a Chinese native by the name of Henry Huie – who worked as a U.S. Army cook – planted the staple crop in the clay plains near Vernon. [5]
Squash is a frost-tender plant meaning that the seeds do not germinate in cold soil. Winter squash seeds germinate best when the soil temperature is 21 to 35 °C (70 to 95 °F), with the warmer end of the range being optimal. [4] It is harvested whenever the fruit has turned a deep, solid color and the skin is hard.
Cucurbita palmata is a species of flowering plant in the squash family known by the common names coyote melon and coyote gourd. [1] [2] It is similar to Cucurbita californica, Cucurbita cordata, Cucurbita cylindrata, and Cucurbita digitata and all these species hybridize readily. [3] It was first identified by Sereno Watson in 1876. [1]