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The last two American manufacturers ceased production about 1960: Libbey-Owens-Ford shut down its pigmented structural glass plant in 1958, followed by Pittsburgh Plate Glass in the early 1960s. [ 4 ] [ 18 ] [ e ] Production continued in the United Kingdom until 1968, and in Bavaria , Germany , until the end of the 20th century.
The conservation and restoration of lacquerware prevents and mitigates deterioration or damage to objects made with lacquer. The two main types of lacquer are Asian, made with sap from the Urushi tree, and European, made with a variety of shellac and natural resins. Lacquer can be damaged by age, light, water, temperature, or damaged substrate.
Lacquer dish with Chinese character for longevity, mid 16th century Maki-e sake bottle with Tokugawa clan's mon, Japan, Edo period Lacquer plate, Nam Định province, Vietnam, Nguyễn dynasty Lacquer is a type of hard and usually shiny coating or finish applied to materials such as wood or metal.
The oldest lacquer tree found is from the Jōmon period in Japan, 12600 years ago. [1] [2] The oldest lacquerware in the world, burial ornaments which were created in 9th millennium B.C., were unearthed in early Jomon period tombs, at the Kakinoshima site in Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan.
Jean Dunand, Fortissimo (1924-26), screen of lacquered wood, eggshell, mother-of-pear, and gold leaf. (Metropolitan Museum of Art). Jean Dunand (1877–1942) was a Swiss and French painter, sculptor, metal craftsman and interior designer during the Art Deco period. He was particularly known for his lacquered screens and other art objects. [1] [2]
Writing lacquer box with Irises at Yatsuhashi, by Ogata Kōrin, Edo period (National Treasure) Inro in maki-e lacquer, Edo period, 18th century. Lacquerware (漆器, shikki) is a Japanese craft with a wide range of fine and decorative arts, as lacquer has been used in urushi-e, prints, and on a wide variety of objects from Buddha statues to bento boxes for food.
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Bohemian and Venetian Murano glass are often described as silver overlay, but the silver is so thin that it looks as though it has been painted onto the surface, producing a flat effect. Friedrich Deusch invented a way to combine silver and a non-conductive surface such as porcelain or glass with galvanization .