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N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is an organic compound with the formula (CH 2 CO) 2 NOH. It is a white solid that is used as a reagent for preparing active esters in peptide synthesis. It can be synthesized by heating succinic anhydride with hydroxylamine or hydroxylamine hydrochloride .
EDC is often used in combination with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) for the immobilisation of large biomolecules. Recent work has also used EDC to assess the structure state of uracil nucleobases in RNA. [2] [3]
N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC or DCCD) [1] is an organic compound with the chemical formula (C 6 H 11 N) 2 C. It is a waxy white solid with a sweet odor. Its primary use is to couple amino acids during artificial peptide synthesis.
The nucleophilic lysine residue is commonly targeted site in protein bioconjugation, typically through amine-reactive N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) esters. [3] To obtain optimal number of deprotonated lysine residues, the pH of the aqueous solution must be below the pKa of the lysine ammonium group, which is around 10.5, so the typical pH of the reaction is about 8 and 9.
In organic chemistry, a carbodiimide (systematic IUPAC name: methanediimine [1]) is a functional group with the formula RN=C=NR. On Earth they are exclusively synthetic, but in interstellar space the parent compound HN=C=NH has been detected by its maser emissions.
In vivo dermal sensitization studies according to OECD 429 [3] confirmed DIC is a strong skin sensitizer, showing a response at 0.20 wt% in the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) placing it in Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Dermal Sensitization Category 1A. [4]
Maleimide-mediated methodologies are among the most used in bioconjugation. [5] [6] Due to fast reactions and high selectivity towards cysteine residues in proteins, a large variety of maleimide heterobifunctional reagents are used for the preparation of targeted therapeutics, assemblies for studying proteins in their biological context, protein-based microarrays, or proteins immobilisation. [7]
Click chemistry is an approach to chemical synthesis that emphasizes efficiency, simplicity, selectivity, and modularity in chemical processes used to join molecular building blocks. It includes both the development and use of "click reactions", a set of simple, biocompatible chemical reactions that meet specific criteria like high yield, fast ...