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In effect, MAP is an (almost) stateless alternative to Carrier-grade NAT and DS-Lite that pushes the IPv4 IP address/port translation function (and therefore the maintenance of NAT state) entirely into the existing customer premises equipment IPv4 NAT implementation, thus avoiding the NAT444 and statefulness problems of carrier-grade NAT.
The link layer in TCP/IP is still wider in scope and in principle a different concept and terminology of classification. This may be observed when certain protocols, such as ARP, which is confined to the link layer in the TCP/IP model, is often said to fit between OSI's data link layer and the network layer.
If an ISP deploys a CGN and uses private Internet address space [2] (networks 10.0.0.0 / 8, 172.16.0.0 / 12, 192.168.0.0 / 16) to connect their customers, there is a risk that customer equipment using an internal network in the same range will stop working.
Carrier-grade NAT. Carrier-grade NAT (CGN or CGNAT), also known as large-scale NAT (LSN), is a type of network address translation (NAT) used by ISPs in IPv4 network design. With CGNAT, end sites, in particular residential networks, are configured with private network addresses that are translated to public IPv4 addresses by middlebox network address translator devices embedded in the network ...
This is a list of Internet exchange points by size, measured by peak data rate , with additional data on location, establishment and average throughput. Generally only exchanges with more than ten gigabits per second peak throughput have been taken into consideration.
Port forwarding facilitates the connection by remote computers, for example, Internet hosts, to a specific computer or service within a local area network (LAN). [3]In a typical residential network, nodes obtain Internet access through a DSL or cable modem connected to a router or network address translator (NAT/NAPT).
Like SLIP, this is a full Internet connection over telephone lines via modem. It is more reliable than SLIP because it double checks to ensure Internet packets arrive intact. [4] It resends any damaged packets. PPP was designed somewhat after the original HDLC specifications. The people who had designed PPP included many additional features ...
AX nnnnnn designates an analogue (2w or 4w) presented link. KX nnnnnn designates a digitally presented link up to 64 kbit/s. NX nnnnnn designates a digitally presented link from 128 up to 1,024 kbit/s. MX nnnnnn designates a digitally presented link from 2 Mbit/s upwards; Each of the prefixes may have an addition making MX/GB, KX/INT for example.