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Atomic orbitals are basic building blocks of the atomic orbital model (or electron cloud or wave mechanics model), a modern framework for visualizing submicroscopic behavior of electrons in matter. In this model, the electron cloud of an atom may be seen as being built up (in approximation) in an electron configuration that is a product of ...
In the fields of nonlinear optics and fluid dynamics, modulational instability or sideband instability is a phenomenon whereby deviations from a periodic waveform are reinforced by nonlinearity, leading to the generation of spectral-sidebands and the eventual breakup of the waveform into a train of pulses.
Breaking wave types: free surface and bubble plumes, as redrawn from photographs taken during a wave flume experiment. [ 1 ] In fluid dynamics , the Iribarren number or Iribarren parameter – also known as the surf similarity parameter and breaker parameter – is a dimensionless parameter used to model several effects of (breaking) surface ...
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
Quantum chemistry composite methods Quantum Monte Carlo: Density functional theory; Time-dependent density functional theory Thomas–Fermi model Orbital-free density functional theory Linearized augmented-plane-wave method Projector augmented wave method: Electronic band structure; Nearly free electron model Tight binding Muffin-tin approximation
A bounded medium if it is finite in extent, otherwise an unbounded medium; A linear medium if the amplitudes of different waves at any particular point in the medium can be added; A uniform medium or homogeneous medium if its physical properties are unchanged at different locations in space
In some (unusual) cases both end points of a branch (family) of periodic travelling wave solutions are homoclinic solutions, [37] in which case one must use an external starting point, such as a numerical solution of the partial differential equations. Periodic travelling wave stability can also be calculated numerically, by computing the spectrum.