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In psychoanalytic theory, defence mechanisms are unconscious psychological processes that protect the self from anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings related to internal conflicts and external stressors. [1] According to this theory, healthy people use different defence mechanisms throughout life.
Individuals use defensive pessimism as a strategy to prepare for anxiety-provoking events or performances. Defensive pessimists then think through specific negative events and setbacks that could adversely influence their goal pursuits. By envisioning possible negative outcomes, defensive pessimists can take action to avoid or prepare for them. [1]
Psychodynamic Theory. Psychodynamics is the study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior. Sigmund Freud's work on psychodynamic theory was the foundation of research into defensive communication. [4] Freud and his colleagues believed that internal emotions such as anxiety, guilt, and insecurities created defensive reactionary ...
Lacan uses the Freudian term, Verwerfung, [1] which the "Standard Edition" translates as "repudiation", [1] as a specific defence mechanism different from repression, "Verdrängung", in which "the ego rejects the incompatible idea together with its affect and behaves as if the idea has never occurred to the ego at all."
Compartmentalization may lead to hidden vulnerabilities related to self-organization and self-esteem [10] in those who use it as a major defense mechanism. [11] When a negative self-aspect is activated, it may cause a drop in self-esteem and mood. [9] This drop in self-esteem and mood is what the observed vulnerability is attributed to. [9]
Avoidance coping is measured via a self-reported questionnaire. Initially, the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) was used, which is a 62-item questionnaire that assesses experiential avoidance, and thus avoidance coping, by measuring how many avoidant behaviors a person exhibits and how strongly they agree with each statement on a scale of 1–6. [1]
Identification with the Aggressor (German: Identifizierung mit dem Angreifer) [1] is one of the forms of identification conceptualized by psychoanalysis.Specifically, it is a defence mechanism that designates the assumption of the role of the aggressor and his functional attributes or the imitation of his aggressive and behavioral mode, when a psychological trauma poses the hopeless dilemma of ...
Freud has been criticized regarding examples such as this because his theory is so complicated that most problems can be explained by another part of the theory. [ citation needed ] For some people undoing can be used to reduce cognitive dissonance , the uncomfortable feeling created when an attitude and an action, or two attitudes are in ...