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Fragrance extraction refers to the separation process of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression, sieving, or enfleurage. [1] The results of the extracts are either essential oils , absolutes , concretes , or butters , depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product.
SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, or on a larger scale to either strip unwanted material from a product (e.g. decaffeination) or collect a desired product (e.g. essential oils). These essential oils can include limonene and other straight solvents. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most used supercritical fluid ...
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants.Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove.
There are three main methods of extracting the oil from the plant material: Steam distillation, which produces an essential oil called rose otto or attar of roses. Solvent extraction, which results in an absolute called rose absolute. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, yielding a concrete that may be marketed as a concrete, absolute or CO ...
The ethanol extract is cooled (e.g., to −15 °C) to solidify waxes, and cold filtered to yield a liquid extract. When the ethanol evaporates, an oil—the absolute—is left behind. [1] Traditionally, the absolute was obtained by enfleurage, where the resulting pomade was extracted with ethanol to yield the absolute.
The enfleurage fragrance extraction method is one of the oldest. It is also highly inefficient and costly but was the sole method of extracting the fragrant compounds in delicate flowers such as jasmine and tuberose, which would be destroyed or denatured by the high temperatures required by methods of fragrance extraction such as steam distillation.
Essential oils are usually extracted by distillation. Maceration is also used as a means of extracting essential oils. [5] In this process, used, for example, to extract the onion, garlic, wintergreen and bitter almond essential oil, the plant material is macerated in warm water to release the volatile compounds in the plant.
Most natural essences are obtained by extracting the essential oil from the feedstock, such as blossoms, fruit, and roots, or from intact plants through multiple techniques and methods: Expression ( juicing , pressing ) involves physical extraction material from feedstock, used when the oil is plentiful and easily obtained from materials such ...