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On the other hand, C# has no primitive wrapper classes, but allows boxing of any value type, returning a generic Object reference. In Objective-C, any primitive value can be prefixed by a @ to make an NSNumber out of it (e.g. @123 or @(123)). This allows for adding them in any of the standard collections, such as an NSArray.
The Java virtual machine's set of primitive data types consists of: [12] byte, short, int, long, char (integer types with a variety of ranges) float and double, floating-point numbers with single and double precisions; boolean, a Boolean type with logical values true and false; returnAddress, a value referring to an executable memory address ...
Value types do not support subtyping, but may support other forms of implicit type conversion, e.g. automatically converting an integer to a floating-point number if needed. Additionally, there may be implicit conversions between certain value and reference types, e.g. "boxing" a primitive int (a value type) into an Integer object (an object ...
In Go, a type assertion can be used to access a concrete type value from an interface value. It is a safe assertion that it will panic (in the case of one return value), or return a zero value (if two return values are used), if the value is not of that concrete type. [12]
Boxing is the operation of converting a value-type object into a value of a corresponding reference type. [108] Boxing in C# is implicit. Unboxing is the operation of converting a value of a reference type (previously boxed) into a value of a value type. [108] Unboxing in C# requires an explicit type cast. A boxed object of type T can only be ...
HTML standards prior to HTML 4 supported only Western Latin script documents: the treatment of character references above #7F may vary between applications and national conventions. For example, as mentioned above, the correct numeric character reference for the Euro sign "€" U+20AC when using Unicode is decimal € and hexadecimal €.
Image source: Getty Images. Baby boomers: Not embracing the Roth 401(k) Baby boomers saw the first 401(k)s in 1978, and most have stuck with these traditional plans to the present day.
A complex variable or value is usually represented as a pair of floating-point numbers. Languages that support a complex data type usually provide special syntax for building such values, and extend the basic arithmetic operations ('+', '−', '×', '÷') to act on them.