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An acid-base diagram for human plasma, showing the effects on the plasma pH when P CO 2 in mmHg or Standard Base Excess (SBE) occur in excess or are deficient in the plasma [23] Acid–base imbalance occurs when a significant insult causes the blood pH to shift out of the normal range (7.32 to 7.42 [16]).
Acidosis, defined by blood pH below 7.35, is the most common disorder of acid–base homeostasis and occurs when there is an excess of acid in the body. In contrast, alkalosis is characterized by excessively high blood pH. Blood pH is usually slightly basic, with a pH of 7.365, referred to as physiological pH in biology and medicine.
Recall that the relationship represented in a Davenport diagram is a relationship between three variables: P CO 2, bicarbonate concentration and pH.Thus, Fig. 7 can be thought of as a topographical map—that is, a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional surface—where each isopleth indicates a different partial pressure or “altitude.”
Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. [6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these. [44]
The pH of tears shift throughout a waking day, rising "about 0.013 pH units/hour" until a prolonged closed-eye period causes the pH to fall again. [15] Most healthy individuals have tear pH in the range of 7.0 to 7.7, where bicarbonate buffering is the most significant, but proteins and other buffering components are also present that are ...
Blood pH is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly basic (compensation). [17] [18] Extra-cellular fluid in blood that has a pH below 7.35 is too acidic, whereas blood pH above 7.45 is too basic. [16] A pH below 6.9 or above 7.8 is usually lethal. [16]
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The rate of cellular metabolic activity affects and, at the same time, is affected by the pH of the body fluids. In mammals, the normal pH of arterial blood lies between 7.35 and 7.50 depending on the species (e.g., healthy human-arterial blood pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45). [citation needed]
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