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In the oil and gas industry, polyacrylamide derivatives (especially co-polymers) have a substantial effect on production by enhanced oil recovery by viscosity enhancement. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, which are injected to improve the economics of conventional water-flooding.
In the United Kingdom, the environmental regulator permits only chemical additives which are classed as non hazardous to groundwater for fracturing fluids. [3] [4] [5] Operators are required to disclose the content of hydraulic fracturing fluids to the relevant environment agency [6] while the composition must be disclosed if the regulator demands it. [7]
AMPS is made by the Ritter reaction of acrylonitrile and isobutylene in the presence of sulfuric acid and water. [2] The recent patent literature [3] describes batch and continuous processes that produce AMPS in high purity (to 99.7%) and improved yield (up to 89%, based on isobutene) with the addition of liquid isobutene to an acrylonitrile / sulfuric acid / phosphoric acid mixture at 40°C.
Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH 2 =CHC(O)NH 2.It is a white odorless solid, soluble in water and several organic solvents. From the chemistry perspective, acrylamide is a vinyl-substituted primary amide (CONH 2).
Polyacrylamide, the original homologue; Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), i.e. the well-known PNIPAM or PNIPAAm This page was last edited on 16 ...
The tendency of aqueous solutions of PNIPA to increase in viscosity in the presence of hydrophobic molecules has made it excellent for tertiary oil recovery. As aqueous solutions of PNIPA have their lower critical solution temperature in temperatures around human body temperatures , these polymers can be dissolved in water at room temperature ...
Both solutions contain acrylamide monomers and catalysts. During polymerization, the acrylamide portion of the buffers co polymerize with the acrylamide and bisacrylamide monomers to form a polyacrylamide gel. These polymerised gels are backed with plastic based backing that allow ease in handling and improve IPG's performance.
Whereas an uncharged linear polymer chain is usually found in a random conformation in solution (closely approximating a self-avoiding three-dimensional random walk), the charges on a linear polyelectrolyte chain will repel each other via double layer forces, which causes the chain to adopt a more expanded, rigid-rod-like conformation. The ...