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From 1860 to 1870 Fulton County (of which Atlanta was the county seat) more than doubled in population, from 14,000 to 33,000. In a pattern seen across the South, many freedmen moved from plantations to towns or cities for work and to gather in communities of their own. Fulton County went from 20.5% Black in 1860 to 45.7% Black in 1870. [40]
U.S. territorial extent in 1860. April 3, 1860 – Pony Express begins. November 6 – 1860 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln elected president and Hannibal Hamlin vice president with only 39% of the vote in a four-man race. December 18 – Crittenden Compromise fails. December 20 – President Buchanan fires his cabinet.
The Dingley Act of 1897 restored the high tariffs that had been reduced in 1894, and the Gold Standard Act of 1900 effectively ended bimetallism in the United States, establishing the gold standard as the exclusive monetary system of the United States. The War Revenue Act of 1898 raised taxes to fund the Spanish–American War.
[156] [157] George Washington Carver (1860–1943) was a leader in promoting environmentalism, and was well known for his research projects, particularly those involving agriculture. [ 158 ] Although there were some achievements that improved conditions for African Americans and other non-white minorities, the Progressive Era was still in the ...
The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 40% from 1860 to 1890 and spread across the increasing labor force. The average annual wage per industrial worker (including men, women, and children) rose from $380 in 1880 ($11,998 in 2023 dollars [ 1 ] ) to $584 in 1890 ($19,126 in 2023 dollars [ 1 ] ), a gain of 59%. [ 2 ]
The Grange, or Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (the latter official name of the national organization, while the former was the name of local chapters, including a supervisory National Grange at Washington), was a secret order founded in 1867 to advance the social needs and combat the economic backwardness of farm life. [1]
History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896 (1919) online complete; old, factual and heavily political, by winner of Pulitzer Prize; Shannon, Fred A. The farmer's last frontier: agriculture, 1860–1897 (1945) complete text online; Smythe, Ted Curtis; The Gilded Age Press, 1865–1900 Praeger. 2003.
In response to these disputes over reform or revolution, the 1900 Paris Congress of the Second International declared a resolution to the dispute in which Guesde's demands were partially accepted in a resolution drafted by Kautsky that declared that overall socialists should not take part in a non-socialist government, but he provided ...