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Letharia vulpina, commonly known as the wolf lichen (although the species name vulpina, from vulpine relates to the fox), is a fruticose lichenized species of fungus in the family Parmeliaceae. It is bright yellow-green, shrubby and highly branched, and grows on the bark of living and dead conifers in parts of western and continental Europe and ...
It has wide distribution, and many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, [2] maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls (hence the epithet parietina meaning "on walls"), [ 3 ] and also on inland rocks, walls, or tree bark. [ 4 ]
[3] [34] [35] This lichen-collecting stick is called a txipmn in the Okanagan language. [3] [34] The lichen can be collected at any time of year, but it is important to choose the right type of lichen. Some specimens are toxic due to vulpinic acid. There are numerous other species of Bryoria that look very similar, but are bitter and mildly toxic.
Two obstacles are often encountered when eating lichens: lichen polysaccharides are generally indigestible to humans, and lichens usually contain mildly toxic secondary compounds that should be removed before eating. Very few lichens are poisonous, but those high in vulpinic acid or usnic acid are toxic. [147] Most poisonous lichens are yellow.
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. Nineteen species have been recorded in Virginia. White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus (A)
One reason the greenshield lichen can be more commonly found than other lichen species is because it is relatively tolerant of pollution. Lichens are often used to monitor air quality.
Ramalina menziesii, the lace lichen or fishnet, is a pale yellowish-green to grayish-green fruticose lichen. It grows up to a meter long, hanging from bark and twigs in a distinctive net-like or lace-like pattern that is unlike any other lichen in North America. [3] It becomes a deeper green when wet. [3] Apothecia are lecanorine. [3]
Cladonia rangiferina, also known as reindeer cup lichen, [2] reindeer lichen (cf. Sw. renlav) or grey reindeer lichen, is a light-coloured fruticose, cup lichen species in the family Cladoniaceae. It grows in both hot and cold climates in well-drained, open environments. Found primarily in areas of alpine tundra, it is extremely cold-hardy.