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Building on the triple helix model, the quadruple helix model adds a fourth component to the framework of interactions between university, industry and government: the public, consisting of civil society and the media. [3] [20] It was first suggested in 2009 by Elias G. Carayannis and David F.J. Campbell. [21]
The quadruple and quintuple innovation helix framework was co-developed by Elias G. Carayannis and David F.J. Campbell, with the quadruple helix being described in 2009 [3] [4] and the quintuple helix in 2010. [4] [5] Various authors were exploring the concept of a quadruple helix extension to the triple helix model of innovation around the ...
Triple-stranded DNA (also known as H-DNA or Triplex-DNA) is a DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix. In triple-stranded DNA, the third strand binds to a B-form DNA (via Watson–Crick base-pairing ) double helix by forming Hoogsteen base pairs or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds.
Leydesdorff's research interests were in the fields of the philosophy of science, social network analysis, scientometrics, and the sociology of innovation.His studies in communication in science, technology, and innovation enabled him to specify theory and methods for understanding the dynamics of knowledge-based development.
The collagen triple helix is a triple helix formed from three separate protein helices, spiraling around the same axis. In the fields of geometry and biochemistry, a triple helix (pl.: triple helices) is a set of three congruent geometrical helices with the same axis, differing by a translation along the axis. This means that each of the ...
In a triple-helix model (specifically Pauling and Corey's model), some of the van der Waals distances appear to be too small. The initial double helix model discovered, now termed B-form DNA is by far the most common conformation in cells. [12]
In 1954, Ramachandran & Kartha (13, 14) advanced a structure for the collagen triple helix on the basis of fiber diffraction data. It consists of a triple helix made of the repetitious amino acid sequence glycine-X-Y, where X and Y are frequently proline or hydroxyproline. [2] [3] Collagen folded into a triple helix is known as tropocollagen.
In early 1953, Pauling published a triple helix model of DNA, which subsequently turned out to be incorrect. [3] Both Crick, and particularly Watson, thought that they were racing against Pauling to discover the structure of DNA. Max Delbrück was a physicist who recognized some of the biological implications of quantum physics.