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  2. Inclusion–exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusionexclusion...

    Venn diagram showing the union of sets A and B as everything not in white. In combinatorics, the inclusion–exclusion principle is a counting technique which generalizes the familiar method of obtaining the number of elements in the union of two finite sets; symbolically expressed as

  3. Combinatorial principles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_principles

    The inclusion–exclusion principle relates the size of the union of multiple sets, the size of each set, and the size of each possible intersection of the sets. The smallest example is when there are two sets: the number of elements in the union of A and B is equal to the sum of the number of elements in A and B , minus the number of elements ...

  4. Derangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derangement

    In the general case, for a word with n 1 letters X 1, n 2 letters X 2, ..., n r letters X r, it turns out (after a proper use of the inclusion-exclusion formula) that the answer has the form () , for a certain sequence of polynomials P n, where P n has degree n.

  5. Union (set theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory)

    Inclusion–exclusion principle – Counting technique in combinatorics; Intersection (set theory) – Set of elements common to all of some sets; Iterated binary operation – Repeated application of an operation to a sequence; List of set identities and relations – Equalities for combinations of sets; Naive set theory – Informal set theories

  6. Diversity, equity, and inclusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and...

    Diversity themes gained momentum in the mid-1980s. At a time when President Ronald Reagan discussed dismantling equality and affirmative action laws in the 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by American firms along with equality consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a ...

  7. Equity and inclusion in education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_and_Inclusion_in...

    Equity and inclusion in education refers to the principle or policy that provides equal access for all learners to curriculum and programming within an educational setting. Some school boards have policies that include the terms inclusion and diversity. [1] Equity is a term sometimes confused with equality. [2]

  8. Sieve theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_theory

    One assumes then that () can be written as = + ()where () is a density, meaning a multiplicative function such that =, <and is an approximation of () and () is some remainder term.

  9. Exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusion_principle

    Exclusion principle may refer to: . Exclusion principle (philosophy), epistemological principle In economics, the exclusion principle states "the owner of a private good may exclude others from use unless they pay."; it excludes those who are unwilling or unable to pay for the private good, but does not apply to public goods that are known to be indivisible: such goods need only to be ...