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Since 1940, Turkey has frequently been under extraordinary rule, either the whole of the country or specific provinces.According to Articles 119-122 of the 1982 Constitution the four types of extraordinary rule are martial law (sıkıyönetim), state of emergency (olağanüstü hâl, OHAL), mobilization (seferberlik) and situation of war (savaş hâli).
Articles 2–7 consider the passage of merchant ships. Articles 8–22 consider the passage of war vessels. The key principle — freedom of passage and navigation — is laid out in articles 1 and 2. Article 1 provides, "The High Contracting Parties recognise and affirm the principle of freedom of passage and navigation by sea in the Straits".
[6] The Constitution was created after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the First World War. [3] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who then became Turkey's first President was a key driver in preparing this Constitution. [3] Mustafa Kemal announced the election of a new assembly to meet in Turkey's capital, Ankara. [3]
Tanks moving on the streets of Sincan. The 1997 military memorandum (Turkish: 28 Şubat, "28 February"; also called postmodern darbe, "post-modern coup") in Turkey refers to a memorandum, in which decisions issued by the Turkish military leadership on a National Security Council meeting on 28 February 1997 resulted in the resignation of Islamist prime minister Necmettin Erbakan of the Welfare ...
The Turkish War of Independence was won by the Turkish forces; The Ottoman Sultanate and all aristocratic titles were abolished on November 1, 1922; The Treaty of Lausanne that led to the international recognition of the new Republic was signed between Turkey and the Entente powers that had won the First World War on July 24, 1923
Borrowing from the French Revolutionary ideals of the nation and the Republic, [citation needed] Article 3 affirms that "The Turkish State, with its territory and nation, is an indivisible entity. Its language is Turkish". Article 66 defines a Turkish civic identity: "everyone bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship is a Turk".
The Treaty of Lausanne (French: Traité de Lausanne, Turkish: Lozan Antlaşması) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923 and signed in the Palais de Rumine [1] [2] [3] in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. [4]
The first change occurred on April 10, 1928, which changed, inter alia, Article 2 and the provision of "Religion of the Turkish state is Islam" was removed. [11] Further changes followed on 10 and December 11, 1931 and 1934 respectively. As a result, women were given the right to vote and stand for election. In 1937, the constitution was ...