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The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, γ δA, is needed (where γ is the surface energy density of the liquid).
Deformation of a thin plate highlighting the displacement, the mid-surface (red) and the normal to the mid-surface (blue) The Kirchhoff–Love theory of plates is a two-dimensional mathematical model that is used to determine the stresses and deformations in thin plates subjected to forces and moments.
Comparison of surface energy, creating new surface on the left, and surface stress due to elastic deformation. Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs [1] (1839–1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface. Depending upon the convention used, the area is either ...
The Fowkes hypothesis (after F. M. Fowkes) is a first order approximation for surface energy.It states the surface energy is the sum of each component's forces: γ=γ d +γ p +γ i +... where γ d is the dispersion component, γ p is the polar, γ i is the dipole and so on.
The isochoric deformation gradient is defined as ¯:= /, resulting in the isochoric deformation gradient having a determinant of 1, in other words it is volume stretch free. Using this one can subsequently define the isochoric left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor B ¯ := F ¯ ⋅ F ¯ T = J − 2 / 3 B {\displaystyle {\bar {\boldsymbol {B ...
Surface tension is an important factor in the phenomenon of capillarity. Surface tension has the dimension of force per unit length, or of energy per unit area. [4] The two are equivalent, but when referring to energy per unit of area, it is common to use the term surface energy, which is a more general term in the sense that it applies also to ...
The image to the right shows the engineering stress vs. strain diagram for a typical ductile material such as steel. Different deformation modes may occur under different conditions, as can be depicted using a deformation mechanism map .
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... Stefan's formula says that the specific surface ... where σ is the specific surface energy, N A is the ...