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Chern class; Pontrjagin class; spin structure; differentiable map. submersion; immersion; Embedding. Whitney embedding theorem; Critical value. Sard's theorem; Saddle point; Morse theory; Lie derivative; Hairy ball theorem; Poincaré–Hopf theorem; Stokes' theorem; De Rham cohomology; Sphere eversion; Frobenius theorem (differential topology ...
Differential geometry is also indispensable in the study of gravitational lensing and black holes. Differential forms are used in the study of electromagnetism. Differential geometry has applications to both Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. Symplectic manifolds in particular can be used to study Hamiltonian systems.
[1] An osculating circle is a circle that best approximates the curvature of a curve at a specific point. It is tangent to the curve at that point and has the same curvature as the curve at that point. [2] The osculating circle provides a way to understand the local behavior of a curve and is commonly used in differential geometry and calculus.
A major theorem, often called the fundamental theorem of the differential geometry of surfaces, asserts that whenever two objects satisfy the Gauss-Codazzi constraints, they will arise as the first and second fundamental forms of a regular surface. Using the first fundamental form, it is possible to define new objects on a regular surface.
The differential-geometric properties of a parametric curve (such as its length, its Frenet frame, and its generalized curvature) are invariant under reparametrization and therefore properties of the equivalence class itself. The equivalence classes are called C r-curves and are central objects studied in the differential geometry of curves.
The product k 1 k 2 of the two principal curvatures is the Gaussian curvature, K, and the average (k 1 + k 2)/2 is the mean curvature, H. If at least one of the principal curvatures is zero at every point, then the Gaussian curvature will be 0 and the surface is a developable surface .
A solution is to adopt the overdot notation, in which the scope of a vector derivative with an overdot is the multivector-valued function sharing the same overdot. In this case, if we define In this case, if we define
In differential geometry, a discipline within mathematics, a distribution on a manifold is an assignment of vector subspaces satisfying certain properties. In the most common situations, a distribution is asked to be a vector subbundle of the tangent bundle T M {\displaystyle TM} .