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A typical installation of insulated glass windows with uPVC frames. Possibly the earliest use of double glazing was in Siberia, where it was observed by Henry Seebohm in 1877 as an established necessity in the Yeniseysk area where the bitterly cold winter temperatures regularly fall below -50° C, indicating how the concept may have started: [2]
Clear double glazing has a U-factor between 1.8 and 3 W/(m 2 ⋅K) or between 0.3 and 0.5 Btu/(h⋅ft 2 ⋅°F) (about R-2) Clear triple glazing has a U-factor between 0.5 and 1 W/(m 2 ⋅K) or between 0.1 and 0.2 Btu/(h⋅ft 2 ⋅°F) (about R-3). Double and triple glazing are critical for energy efficiency. Single glass windows are no longer ...
Common types of glazing that are used in architectural applications include clear and tinted float glass, tempered glass, and laminated glass as well as a variety of coated glasses, all of which can be glazed singly or as double, or even triple, glazing units. Ordinary clear glass has a slight green tinge, [4] but special colorless glasses are ...
The double-skin façade is a system of building consisting of two skins, or façades, placed in such a way that air flows in the intermediate cavity. The ventilation of the cavity can be natural, fan supported or mechanical.
The detailed requirements of the Building Regulations in England and Wales are scheduled within 18 separate headings, each designated by a letter (Part A to Part S), and covering aspects such as workmanship, adequate materials, structure, waterproofing and weatherisation, fire safety and means of escape, sound isolation, ventilation, safe (potable) water, protection from falling, drainage ...
It is a relatively modern area with housing stock dating mainly from the late 1980s and beyond. The area has a centralised precinct providing services, comprising a community centre (Thornhill Church Centre), a Sainsbury's supermarket, with an integral Post Office and Pharmacy; and the North Cardiff Medical Centre.
Grey Lias stone features heavily in the construction of the city's medieval buildings (the keep of Cardiff Castle, Llandaff Cathedral and St John the Baptist's church), but is absent from later buildings. Two recent buildings in Cardiff Bay, the Senedd and the Wales Millennium Centre, make conspicuous use of Welsh slate together with glass and ...
There are around 1,000 listed buildings in Cardiff, [1] the capital city of Wales.A listed building is one considered to be of special architectural, historical or cultural significance, which is protected from being demolished, extended or altered, unless special permission is granted by the relevant planning authorities.