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Toyota Celica All-Trac Turbo ST185 All-Trac was a proprietary full-time four-wheel drive system used on a variety of Toyota badged models and the nameplate was used from 1988 to 2000. It was considered a revolutionary advance for four wheel drive automobiles into the mainstream consumer market and its electronic/vacuum controlled locking center ...
E-Four (short for Electrical 4WD System), [1] eFour, AWD-i, or AWD-e was developed by Toyota. Front wheels are powered directly by the hybrid powertrain, rear wheels are powered by a dedicated electric motor with its own power control unit, reduction gear and differential. Amount of torque transferred to the rear wheels is automatically ...
A full-time 4WD system with locking center and rear differentials puts that power to the ground in all Land Cruiser models. The 4Runner can be had with two-wheel drive, which features an automatic ...
Jensen applied the Formula Ferguson (FF) full-time all-wheel-drive system to 318 units of their Jensen FF built from 1966 to 1971, marking the first time 4WD was used in a production GT sports car. [37] While most 4WD systems split torque evenly, the Jensen split torque roughly 40% front, 60% rear by gearing the front and rear at different ratios.
In Japan, the 3-door series started with an R in the series ranging from RZ, RX, RS to RJ while the 5-door line-up started with T in the series ranging from TZ, TX, TS, to TJ. All models came with front double wishbone and 4 linked suspension as well as full-time 4WD. ABS and a Field Monitor showing an altimeter, a thermometer and pressure were ...
Unlike the older Tercel-based Sprinter Carib, the four-wheel drive system was changed from part-time to full-time model, which could be operated by pressing the "center diff lock" button. When it locked, the 4WD system would split the power 50/50 between the front and rear wheels. In unlocked mode, most of the power would go to the front wheels ...
In 1983, a four-wheel electronic "Anti-Skid Control" system was introduced on the Toyota Crown. [7] In 1987, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Toyota [7] introduced their first traction control systems. Traction control works by applying individual wheel braking and throttle to maintain traction under acceleration, but unlike ESC, it is not designed to ...
Particularly in North America for several decades, the designation AWD has been used and marketed – distinctly from 4×4 and 4WD – to apply to vehicles with drive train systems that have permanent drive, a differential between the front and rear drive shafts, and active management of torque transfer, especially following the advent of the anti-lock braking system (ABS).