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echo began within Multics.After it was programmed in C by Doug McIlroy as a "finger exercise" and proved to be useful, it became part of Version 2 Unix. echo -n in Version 7 replaced prompt, (which behaved like echo but without terminating its output with a line delimiter).
A shell script can provide a convenient variation of a system command where special environment settings, command options, or post-processing apply automatically, but in a way that allows the new script to still act as a fully normal Unix command. One example would be to create a version of ls, the command to list files, giving it a shorter ...
LANG = C tr a-z A-Z <<- END_TEXT Here doc with <<-A single space character (i.e. 0x20 ) is at the beginning of this line This line begins with a single TAB character i.e 0x09 as does the next line END_TEXT echo The intended end was before this line echo and these were not processed by tr echo +++++ LANG = C tr a-z A-Z << END_TEXT Here doc with ...
In Bash the append redirect is the usage of ">>" for adding a stream to something, like in the following series of shell commands: echo Hello world! >text ; echo Goodbye world! >>text ; cat text The stream "Goodbye world!"
A good example for command piping is combining echo with another command to achieve something interactive in a non-interactive shell, e.g. echo-e 'user\npass' | ftp localhost. This runs the ftp client with input user, press return, then pass. In casual use, the initial step of a pipeline is often cat or echo, reading from a
Bash executes these files as part of its standard initialization, but other startup files can read them in a different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also have issues, as well as the skeleton files the system provides to new user accounts upon setup.
/A Append the pipeline content to the output file(s) rather than overwriting them. Note: When tee is used with a pipe, the output of the previous command is written to a temporary file. When that command finishes, tee reads the temporary file, displays the output, and writes it to the file(s) given as command-line argument.
This functions similarly to Bash's Ctrl+R history search, but is always on, giving the user continuous feedback while typing commands. Fish also includes feature-rich tab completion, with support for expanding file paths (with wildcards and brace expansion), environment variables, and command-specific completions.