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The Japanese language makes use of a system of honorific speech, called keishō (敬称), which includes honorific suffixes and prefixes when talking to, or referring to others in a conversation. Suffixes are often gender-specific at the end of names, while prefixes are attached to the beginning of many nouns.
The JMdict project was started by computational linguist Jim Breen in 1991 with the creation of EDICT (a plain text flat file in EUC-JP encoding), which was later expanded to a UTF-8-encoded XML file in 1999 as JMdict. [2] The XML format allows for multiple surface forms of lexemes and multiple readings, as well as cross-references and annotations.
Japanese uses honorific constructions to show or emphasize social rank, social intimacy or similarity in rank. The choice of pronoun used, for example, will express the social relationship between the person speaking and the person being referred to, and Japanese often avoids pronouns entirely in favor of more explicit titles or kinship terms.
Although Kunrei-shiki romanization is the style favored by the Japanese government, Hepburn remains the most popular method of Japanese romanization. It is learned by most foreign students of the language, and is used within Japan for romanizing personal names, locations, and other information, such as train tables and road signs.
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The two inflected classes, verb and adjective, are historically considered closed classes, meaning they do not readily gain new members—but see the following paragraphs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Instead, new and borrowed verbs and adjectives are typically conjugated periphrastically as verbal noun + suru (e.g. benkyō suru ( 勉強する , do studying ...
Japanese name Chinese Meaning Example hen : 旁 Left sided element 略 consists of Radical 102 田 and 各. tsukuri : 旁 Right accompanying element 期 consists of Radical 74 月 and 其. kanmuri : 頭 Crown element 歩 consists of Radical 77 止 and 少, and 男 consists of Radical 102 田 and 力.
Japanese Historical Text Initiative (JHTI) is a searchable online database of Japanese historical documents and English translations. It is part of the Center for Japanese Studies at the University of California at Berkeley .