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Biblical literalism or biblicism is a term used differently by different authors concerning biblical interpretation.It can equate to the dictionary definition of literalism: "adherence to the exact letter or the literal sense", [1] where literal means "in accordance with, involving, or being the primary or strict meaning of the word or words; not figurative or metaphorical".
The project of biblical archaeology associated with W.F. Albright (1891–1971), which sought to validate the historicity of the events narrated in the Bible through the ancient texts and material remains of the Near East, [21] has a more specific focus compared to the more expansive view of history described by archaeologist William Dever (b ...
Biblical infallibility is the belief that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice is wholly useful and true. It is the "belief that the Bible is completely trustworthy as a guide to salvation and the life of faith and will not fail to accomplish its purpose." [1]
The idea of the Bible itself as the Word of God, as being itself God's revelation, is criticized in neo-orthodoxy. Here the Bible is seen as a unique witness to the people and deeds that do make up the Word of God. However, it is a wholly human witness. [93] All books of the Bible were written by human beings.
The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four canonical gospels contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in biblical studies, [note 1] the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.
Specific collections of biblical writings, such as the Hebrew Bible and Christian Bibles, are considered sacred and authoritative by their respective faith groups. [11] The limits of the canon were effectively set by the proto-orthodox churches from the 1st throughout the 4th century; however, the status of the scriptures has been a topic of scholarly discussion in the later churches.
An American Christian family's Bible dating to 1859. Disputes regarding the internal consistency and textual integrity of the Bible have a long history.. Classic texts that discuss questions of inconsistency from a critical secular perspective include the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus by Baruch Spinoza, the Dictionnaire philosophique of Voltaire, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and The Age ...
The Old Testament has been important to the life of the Christian church from its earliest days. Bible scholar N. T. Wright says "Jesus himself was profoundly shaped by the scriptures." [139] Wright adds that the earliest Christians searched those same Hebrew scriptures in their effort to understand the earthly life of Jesus.