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  2. Deductive reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning

    This theory of deductive reasoning – also known as term logic – was developed by Aristotle, but was superseded by propositional (sentential) logic and predicate logic. [citation needed] Deductive reasoning can be contrasted with inductive reasoning, in regards to validity and soundness. In cases of inductive reasoning, even though the ...

  3. Wason selection task - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wason_selection_task

    [1] [2] [3] It is one of the most famous tasks in the study of deductive reasoning. [4] An example of the puzzle is: You are shown a set of four cards placed on a table, each of which has a number on one side and a color on the other. The visible faces of the cards show 3, 8, blue and red.

  4. Validity (logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)

    Many techniques are employed by logicians to represent an argument's logical form. A simple example, applied to two of the above illustrations, is the following: Let the letters 'P', 'Q', and 'S' stand, respectively, for the set of men, the set of mortals, and Socrates. Using these symbols, the first argument may be abbreviated as: All P are Q.

  5. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    Proofs are examples of exhaustive deductive reasoning which establish logical certainty, to be distinguished from empirical arguments or non-exhaustive inductive reasoning which establish "reasonable expectation".

  6. Inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference

    Deductive inference is monotonic: if a conclusion is reached on the basis of a certain set of premises, then that conclusion still holds if more premises are added. By contrast, everyday reasoning is mostly non-monotonic because it involves risk: we jump to conclusions from deductively insufficient premises.

  7. Logical reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

    Non-deductive reasoning is an important form of logical reasoning besides deductive reasoning. It happens in the form of inferences drawn from premises to reach and support a conclusion, just like its deductive counterpart. The hallmark of non-deductive reasoning is that this support is fallible.

  8. A priori and a posteriori - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori

    Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge. The terms originate from the analytic methods found in Organon , a collection of works by Aristotle . Prior analytics ( a priori ) is about deductive logic , which comes from definitions and first principles.

  9. Modus tollens - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_tollens

    In propositional logic, modus tollens (/ ˈ m oʊ d ə s ˈ t ɒ l ɛ n z /) (MT), also known as modus tollendo tollens (Latin for "method of removing by taking away") [2] and denying the consequent, [3] is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism that takes the form of "If P, then Q ...