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Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs if the calcium level is abnormally low. The normal glands respond by secreting parathyroid hormone at a persistently high rate. This typically occurs when the 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 levels in the blood are low and hypocalcemia is present.
Diagnosis is generally based on a blood phosphate level exceeding 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL). [1] Levels may appear falsely elevated with high blood lipid levels, high blood protein levels, or high blood bilirubin levels. [1] Treatment may include a phosphate low diet and antacids like calcium carbonate that bind phosphate. [1]
It also induces calcium and phosphate resorption from the bone by osteoclasts. [15] [11] Parathyroid hormone also plays a role in activating vitamin D from its pro form to its active form. [15] Vitamin D is also responsible for increased blood calcium levels and works in conjunction with parathyroid hormone.
The main symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are the result of the low blood calcium level, which interferes with normal muscle contraction and nerve conduction.As a result, people with hypoparathyroidism can experience paresthesia, an unpleasant tingling sensation around the mouth and in the hands and feet, as well as muscle cramps and severe spasms known as "tetany" that affect the hands and feet ...
Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic. [1] [3] [6] Mildly low levels that develop slowly often have no symptoms.
Tumor lysis syndrome is characterized by high blood potassium (hyperkalemia), high blood phosphate (hyperphosphatemia), low blood calcium (hypocalcemia), high blood uric acid (hyperuricemia), and higher than normal levels of blood urea nitrogen . [4]
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare autosomal dominant genetic condition associated primarily with resistance to the parathyroid hormone. [1] Those with the condition have a low serum calcium and high phosphate, but the parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is inappropriately high (due to the low level of calcium in the blood).
In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and the calcium sensing receptor. [1] Disorders in calcium metabolism can lead to hypocalcemia, decreased plasma levels of calcium or hypercalcemia, elevated plasma calcium levels.