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Edmonds' 1979 article "Effective Schools for the Urban Poor" is noted for drawing professional attention to the effective schools movement. Edmonds outlined six characteristics essential to effective schools, including: Strong administrative leadership. High expectations. An orderly atmosphere.
Educational researchers soon dropped "capacity to divert energy and resources" from the list, and Edmonds' "five-factor model" was widely proclaimed as a framework for reforming low-performing schools. [4] Edmonds stated that "mastery of basic skills" was fundamental to effective schools, and also "by equity I mean a simple sense of fairness in ...
Second, strategies of instructional leadership are influenced by the context of schools such as school size, language background, community, and a school's socio-economic status. [20] That is, the effective activities of instructional leaders, which affect student achievement and school performance, should be considered in the context of school ...
The free school movement, also known as the new schools or alternative schools movement, was an American education reform movement during the 1960s and early 1970s that sought to change the aims of formal schooling through alternative, independent community schools.
The vision of the standards-based education reform movement [9] is that all teenagers will receive a meaningful high school diploma that serves essentially as a public guarantee that they can read, write, and do basic mathematics (typically through first-year algebra) at a level which might be useful to an employer. To avoid a surprising ...
New York City announced it would be coming on board the small school's movement in 2014. Officials announced that they will open 60 schools with 500 students or less—41 high schools, four traditional middle schools and 15 based on an innovative sixth- or seventh-through-12th grade model." [11]
The Movement Action Plan is a strategic model for waging nonviolent social movements developed by Bill Moyer, a US social change activist.The MAP, initially developed by Moyer in the late 1970s, uses case studies of successful social movements to illustrate eight distinct stages through social movements' progress, and is designed to help movement activists choose the most effective tactics and ...
Freedom of Choice, or Free transfer plan, was the name for a number of plans developed in the United States during 1965–1970, aimed at the integration of schools in states that had a segregated educational system.