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Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
Modular equation. In mathematics, a modular equation is an algebraic equation satisfied by moduli, [1] in the sense of moduli problems. That is, given a number of functions on a moduli space, a modular equation is an equation holding between them, or in other words an identity for moduli. The most frequent use of the term modular equation is in ...
In the following Diophantine equations, w, x, y, and z are the unknowns and the other letters are given constants: a x + b y = c {\displaystyle ax+by=c} This is a linear Diophantine equation or Bézout's identity. w 3 + x 3 = y 3 + z 3 {\displaystyle w^ {3}+x^ {3}=y^ {3}+z^ {3}} The smallest nontrivial solution in positive integers is 123 + 13 ...
Modular multiplicative inverse. In mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. [1] In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as.
HHL algorithm. The Harrow–Hassidim–Lloyd algorithm or HHL algorithm is a quantum algorithm for numerically solving a system of linear equations, designed by Aram Harrow, Avinatan Hassidim, and Seth Lloyd. The algorithm estimates the result of a scalar measurement on the solution vector to a given linear system of equations. [1]
n. In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought of as the congruence classes, also known as residues modulo n, that are coprime to n.
Montgomery modular multiplication relies on a special representation of numbers called Montgomery form. The algorithm uses the Montgomery forms of a and b to efficiently compute the Montgomery form of ab mod N. The efficiency comes from avoiding expensive division operations. Classical modular multiplication reduces the double-width product ab ...
Cramer's rule. In linear algebra, Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear equations with as many equations as unknowns, valid whenever the system has a unique solution. It expresses the solution in terms of the determinants of the (square) coefficient matrix and of matrices obtained from it by replacing one ...