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History of PDF. The Portable Document Format (PDF) was created by Adobe Systems, introduced at the Windows and OS/2 Conference in January 1993 and remained a proprietary format until it was released as an open standard in 2008. Since then, it has been under the control of an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee of ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 30 October 2024. Portable Document Format, a digital file format For other uses, see PDF (disambiguation). Portable Document Format Adobe PDF icon Filename extension.pdf Internet media type application/pdf, application/x-pdf application/x-bzpdf application/x-gzpdf Type code PDF (including a single ...
The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle that runs a digital library website, archive.org. [2][3][4] It provides free access to collections of digitized media including websites, software applications, music, audiovisual, and print materials.
Active. Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) [1] is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database. [2]
e. Library Genesis (LibGen) is a shadow library project for file-sharing access to scholarly journal articles, academic and general-interest books, images, comics, audiobooks, and magazines. The site enables free access to content that is otherwise paywalled or not digitized elsewhere. [1] LibGen describes itself as a "links aggregator ...
The history of the book became an acknowledged academic discipline in the latter half of the 20th century. It was fostered by William Ivins Jr.'s Prints and Visual Communication (1953) and Henri-Jean Martin and Lucien Febvre's L'apparition du livre (The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450–1800) in 1958 as well as Marshall McLuhan's Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man ...
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v. t. e. Z-Library (abbreviated as z-lib, formerly BookFinder) is a shadow library project for file-sharing access to scholarly journal articles, academic texts and general-interest books. It began as a mirror of Library Genesis, but has expanded dramatically. [5][6] According to the website's own data released in February 2023, its collection ...