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Large placental infarcts are associated with vascular abnormalities, e.g. hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, as seen in hypertension. [1] Very large infarcts lead to placental insufficiency and may result in fetal death. Placental infarcts are generally detected after birth, although using ultrasound may be a way to notice infarcts prenatally.
Abnormalities present within the spiral arteries lead to higher velocities in blood, in turn causes the maternal villi to shred. [5] Which trigger pro-coagulator molecules to be released into the blood stream causing action of the coagulator cascade, eventually leading to placental infarction. [5]
Infarcts due to focal or diffuse thickening of blood vessels Villi capillaries occupying about 50% of the villi volume or when <40% of capillaries are on the villous periphery Placental insufficiency should not be confused with complete placental abruption, in which the placenta separates off the uterine wall, which immediately results in no ...
Intrauterine hypoxia (also known as fetal hypoxia) occurs when the fetus is deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen.It may be due to a variety of reasons such as prolapse or occlusion of the umbilical cord, placental infarction, maternal diabetes (prepregnancy or gestational diabetes) [1] and maternal smoking.
MPFD is caused by deposition fibrous tissue around the chorionic villi of the placenta. [1] [3] The placenta often shows lesions upon histology and autopsy. [8] The villi become trapped, causing avascular necrosis. [1] This causes reduced substance exchange, and movement of the placenta. [1]
Placental disorders associated with perinatal stroke range from anatomical (site or degree of implantation) such as placenta previa [27] to placenta-maternal effects (fetal erythroblastosis). [ 28 ] Infections like chorioamnionitis cause an infection in the maternal blood, commonly leading to premature birth and the newborn experiencing brain ...
Causes of postpartum hemorrhage are uterine atony, trauma, retained placenta or placental abnormalities, and coagulopathy, commonly referred to as the "four Ts": [12] Tone: uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract and may lead to continuous bleeding. Retained placental tissue and infection may contribute to uterine atony.
Sheehan noted that significant feature of these patients' cases was hemorrhaging, which in his experience was most commonly caused by either: placenta Previa (low placenta), uterine rupture, cervical or uterine tears, post-partum atony, or retained placenta. Simmonds' disease, however, occurs in either sex due to causes unrelated to pregnancy. [15]