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The earliest experiments were done by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) and improved upon by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784–1846). [1] A much more accurate experiment using a torsion balance was carried out by Loránd Eötvös starting around 1885, with further improvements in a lengthy run between 1906 and 1909. Eötvös's team followed this with a ...
Since there are two balls, each experiencing force F at a distance L / 2 from the axis of the balance, the torque due to gravitational force is LF. At equilibrium (when the balance has been stabilized at an angle ), the total amount of torque must be zero as these two sources of torque balance out. Thus, we can equate their magnitudes ...
In the experiment, a suspended parallel-plate capacitor is held by a fine torsion fiber and is charged. If the aether theory were correct, the change in Maxwell's equations due to the Earth's motion through the aether would lead to a torque causing the plates to align perpendicular to the motion.
This would have to be done actively, thus consuming energy in the process — and so the machine would cease to be a perpetual-motion engine. It's also important to consider the wheel as it moves, as it can be placed into an overbalanced position so that the math makes it appear that there is an overall torque. [2]
D'Alembert's principle generalizes the principle of virtual work from static to dynamical systems by introducing forces of inertia which, when added to the applied forces in a system, result in dynamic equilibrium. [1] [2] D'Alembert's principle can be applied in cases of kinematic constraints that depend on velocities.
is the torque exerted by the spring in newton-meters, and is the angle of twist from its equilibrium position in radians κ {\displaystyle \kappa \,} is a constant with units of newton-meters / radian, variously called the spring's torsion coefficient , torsion elastic modulus , rate , or just spring constant , equal to the change in torque ...
Torsion of a square section bar Example of torsion mechanics. In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque [1] [2].Torsion could be defined as strain [3] [4] or angular deformation [5], and is measured by the angle a chosen section is rotated from its equilibrium position [6].
The input torque T A acting on the input gear G A is transformed by the gear train into the output torque T B exerted by the output gear G B. If we assume, that the gears are rigid and that there are no losses in the engagement of the gear teeth, then the principle of virtual work can be used to analyze the static equilibrium of the gear train.