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When m = 1, that is when f : R n → R is a scalar-valued function, the Jacobian matrix reduces to the row vector; this row vector of all first-order partial derivatives of f is the transpose of the gradient of f, i.e. =.
In Matlab/GNU Octave a matrix A can be vectorized by A(:). GNU Octave also allows vectorization and half-vectorization with vec(A) and vech(A) respectively. Julia has the vec(A) function as well. In Python NumPy arrays implement the flatten method, [note 1] while in R the desired effect can be achieved via the c() or as.vector() functions.
Conjugate gradient, assuming exact arithmetic, converges in at most n steps, where n is the size of the matrix of the system (here n = 2). In mathematics , the conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations , namely those whose matrix is positive-semidefinite .
A random vector X ∈ R p (a p×1 "column vector") has a multivariate normal distribution with a nonsingular covariance matrix Σ precisely if Σ ∈ R p × p is a positive-definite matrix and the probability density function of X is
It provides a rich Excel-like user interface and its built-in vector programming language FPScript has a syntax similar to MATLAB. FreeMat, an open-source MATLAB-like environment with a GPL license. GNU Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. It provides a convenient command-line interface for solving ...
Suppose s, t, w, z ∈ C so that (s, t) and (w, z) are in C 2. Then the outer product of these complex 2-vectors is an element of M(2, C), the 2 × 2 complex matrices: (). The determinant of this matrix is swtz − sztw = 0 because of the commutative property of C.
In mathematics, the Zassenhaus algorithm [1] is a method to calculate a basis for the intersection and sum of two subspaces of a vector space. It is named after Hans Zassenhaus, but no publication of this algorithm by him is known. [2] It is used in computer algebra systems. [3]
In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin.