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In linguistics, morphology (mor-FOL-ə-jee [1]) is the study of words, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Most approaches to morphology investigate the structure of words in terms of morphemes , which are the smallest units in a language with some independent ...
Inspired by the success of the Universal Dependencies for cross-linguistic annotation of syntactic dependencies, similar efforts have emerged for morphology, e.g., UniMorph [1] and UDer. [2] These feature simple tabular ( tab-separated ) formats with one form in a row, and its derivation (UDer), resp., inflection information (UniMorph):
Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, one effect of the English derivational suffix -ly is to change an adjective into an adverb (slow → slowly).
Construction morphology (CM) is a morphological theory aimed at a better understanding of the grammar of words, as well as the relation between syntax, morphology, and the lexicon. Susanne Z. Riehemann developed the theoretical foundations in her masters thesis in 1993, which was later published as Riehemann (1998).
In linguistics, morphological leveling or paradigm leveling is the generalization of an inflection across a linguistic paradigm, a group of forms with the same stem in which each form corresponds in usage to different syntactic environments, [1] or between words. [2] The result of such leveling is a paradigm that is less varied, having fewer ...
Nonconcatenative morphology is extremely well developed in the Semitic languages in which it forms the basis of virtually all higher-level word formation (as with the example given in the diagram). That is especially pronounced in Arabic , which also uses it to form approximately 41% [ 5 ] of plurals in what is often called the broken plural .
A morphome is a function in linguistics which is purely morphological or has an irreducibly morphological component. The term is particularly used by Martin Maiden [1] following Mark Aronoff's identification of morphomic functions and the morphomic level—a level of linguistic structure intermediate between and independent of phonology and syntax.
It is important to distinguish the paradigm of a lexeme from a morphological pattern. In the context of an inflecting language, an inflectional morphological pattern is not the explicit list of inflected forms.