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The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly elected president of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.
Before the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, the Philippines was split into numerous barangays, small states that were linked through region-wide trade networks. [1]: 26–27 The name "barangay" is thought to come from the word balangay, which refers to boats used by the Austronesian people to reach the Philippines. [2]
The Ilustrados "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Mostly based outside the Philippines, they helped mold the flame of a united Filipino nationalism and identity in the islands. Almost all previous insurgencies were tribal, provincial and regional in nature.
There are several examples of mass direct action throughout history, including the long-running communist rebellion in the Philippines and the multiple "People Power" events. [74]: 16 A distrust of the state, and of state institutions such as the police, is a continuing legacy of martial law. [10]: 2
The Filipino revolutionary movement was an insurgency against the Spanish colonial government, [27] and the various "governments" described above were insurgent governments. [27] By today's standards, a treaty of cession is void if it arises out of an act of annexation procured by the threat or use of force.
This article covers the history of the current Philippine republican state following the 1986 People Power Revolution, known as the Fifth Philippine Republic.. The return of democracy and government reforms beginning in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption, coup attempts, disasters, a persistent communist insurgency, [1] and a military conflict with Moro separatists. [2]
[1] [2] Philippine literature encompasses literary media written in various local languages as well as in Spanish and English. According to journalist Nena Jimenez, the most common and consistent element of Philippine literature is its short and quick yet highly interpersonal sentences, with themes of family, dogmatic love, and persistence. [3]
The book, "Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 By Paula C. Park" citing "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" gave a higher number of later Mexican soldier-immigrants to the Philippines, pegging the number at 35,000 immigrants in the 1700s, [286] in a Philippine ...