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The understanding of perception as the interaction between sensory stimuli (bottom-up) and conceptual knowledge (top-down) continued to be established by Jerome Bruner who, starting in the 1940s, studied the ways in which needs, motivations and expectations influence perception, research that came to be known as 'New Look' psychology.
Because of this, the nature and evolution of foresight is an important topic in psychology. [1] Thinking about the future is studied under the label prospection. [2] Neuroscientific, developmental, and cognitive studies have identified many similarities to the human ability to recall past episodes. [3]
A process theory is a system of ideas that explains how an entity changes and develops. [1] Process theories are often contrasted with variance theories , that is, systems of ideas that explain the variance in a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables .
The planning fallacy is a phenomenon in which predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display an optimism bias and underestimate the time needed. This phenomenon sometimes occurs regardless of the individual's knowledge that past tasks of a similar nature have taken longer to complete than generally planned.
In psychology, a dual process theory provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes. Often, the two processes consist of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit (controlled), conscious process.
Process-oriented psychology, also called process work, is a depth psychology theory and set of techniques developed by Arnold Mindell and associated with transpersonal psychology, [1] [2] somatic psychology [3] [4] [5] and post-Jungian psychology.
The foundation of the uncertainty reduction theory stems from the information theory, originated by Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver. [2] Shannon and Weaver suggests, when people interact initially, uncertainties exist especially when the probability for alternatives in a situation is high and the probability of them occurring is equally high. [6]
The goals of learning are understanding and prediction. Learning falls into many categories, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, online learning, and reinforcement learning. From the perspective of statistical learning theory, supervised learning is best understood. [4] Supervised learning involves learning from a training set ...