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Assuming SI units, F is measured in newtons (N), m 1 and m 2 in kilograms (kg), r in meters (m), and the constant G is 6.674 30 (15) × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2. [12] The value of the constant G was first accurately determined from the results of the Cavendish experiment conducted by the British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1798 ...
The fidelity between two quantum states and , expressed as density matrices, is commonly defined as: [1] [2] (,) = ().The square roots in this expression are well-defined because both and are positive semidefinite matrices, and the square root of a positive semidefinite matrix is defined via the spectral theorem.
In physics, the magnetomotive force (abbreviated mmf or MMF, symbol ) is a quantity appearing in the equation for the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, Hopkinson's law. [1] It is the property of certain substances or phenomena that give rise to magnetic fields : F = Φ R , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}=\Phi {\mathcal {R}},} where Φ is the ...
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
L 2 M T −2 N −1: intensive Molar entropy: S° Entropy per unit amount of substance J/(K⋅mol) L 2 M T −2 Θ −1 N −1: intensive Molar heat capacity: c: Heat capacity of a material per unit amount of substance J/(K⋅mol) L 2 M T −2 Θ −1 N −1: intensive Moment of inertia: I: Inertia of an object with respect to angular ...
A gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena, such as the gravitational force field exerted on another massive body. It has dimension of acceleration (L/T 2) and it is measured in units of newtons per kilogram (N/kg) or, equivalently, in meters per second squared (m/s 2). In its original concept, gravity was a force between ...
A newton is defined as 1 kg⋅m/s 2 (it is a named derived unit defined in terms of the SI base units). [1]: 137 One newton is, therefore, the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force.
m u / m P: up quark mass: 1.4 × 10 −22 – 2.7 × 10 −22: 1.7–3.3 MeV/c 2: m d / m P: down quark mass: 3.4 × 10 −22 – 4.8 × 10 −22: 4.1–5.8 MeV/c 2: m c / m P: charm quark mass: 1.044 31 +0.020 4768 −0.028 6675 × 10 −19: 1.275 +0.025 −0.035 GeV/c 2: m s / m P: strange quark mass: 8.27 × 10 −21: 95 +9 −3 MeV/c 2: m t ...