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In quantum chemistry, Slater's rules provide numerical values for the effective nuclear charge in a many-electron atom. Each electron is said to experience less than the actual nuclear charge , because of shielding or screening by the other electrons.
In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solid particles sufficiently large for sedimentation. The particles may be visible to the naked eye , usually must be larger than one micrometer , and will eventually settle , although the mixture is only classified as a suspension when and while the particles have ...
Hume-Rothery rules, named after William Hume-Rothery, are a set of basic rules that describe the conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution. There are two sets of rules; one refers to substitutional solid solutions, and the other refers to interstitial solid solutions.
C 7 F 15 SO 2 NH 2: 449.14 82765-77-3 Perfluorooctanesulfonamide: PFOSA C 8 F 17 SO 2 NH 2: 499.14 754-91-6 Perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride: PFBSF C 4 F 9 SO 2 F 302.09 375-72-4 Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride: PFOSF C 8 F 17 SO 2 F 502.12 307-35-7
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.
Justus Freiherr von Liebig [a] (12 May 1803 – 20 April 1873) [2] was a German scientist who made major contributions to the theory, practice, and pedagogy of chemistry, as well as to agricultural and biological chemistry; he is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry. [3]
A quantitative version is given by the reaction quotient. J. W. Gibbs suggested in 1873 that equilibrium is attained when the Gibbs free energy of the chemical potential of the system is at its minimum value (assuming the reaction is carried out at a constant temperature and pressure).
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate.