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A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. [1]
Observational study, can be naturalistic (see natural experiment), participant or controlled. Program evaluation; Quasi-experiment; Self-report inventory; Survey, often with a random sample (see survey sampling) Twin study; Research designs vary according to the period(s) of time over which data are collected:
A popular repeated-measures design is the crossover study. A crossover study is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can be observational studies, many important crossover studies are controlled experiments.
In multilevel modeling, an overall change function (e.g. linear, quadratic, cubic etc.) is fitted to the whole sample and, just as in multilevel modeling for clustered data, the slope and intercept may be allowed to vary. For example, in a study looking at income growth with age, individuals might be assumed to show linear improvement over time.
The experience sampling method (ESM), [1] also referred to as a daily diary method, or ecological momentary assessment (EMA), is an intensive longitudinal research methodology that involves asking participants to report on their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and/or environment on multiple occasions over time. [2]
The study started with over 18,000 nationally representative individuals. [11] It involved more than 9,000 individuals as of 2009. Socio-Economic Panel, a longitudinal panel dataset of the population in Germany. It is a household-based study that started in 1984 and which reinterviews adult household members annually.
A retrospective cohort study, also called a historic cohort study, is a longitudinal cohort study used in medical and psychological research. A cohort of individuals that share a common exposure factor is compared with another group of equivalent individuals not exposed to that factor, to determine the factor's influence on the incidence of a ...
It is a longitudinal analysis technique to estimate growth over a period of time. It is widely used in the field of psychology, behavioral science, education and social science. It is also called latent growth curve analysis. The latent growth model was derived from theories of SEM.