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The LaTeX source code is attached to the PDF file (see imprint). Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License , Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation ; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover ...
There were 227 participants from 24 nations at the 2024 Quiz Olympiad. Some notable participants include Issa Schultz of Australia; Nico Pattyn, Ronny Swiggers, and Tom Trogh of Belgium; Dean Kotiga of Croatia; Pat Gibson and Paul Sinha of England; Tero Kalliolevo of Finland; Sebastian Jacoby and Sebastian Klussmann of Germany; Anne Hegerty and Barry Simmons of Scotland; and Victoria Groce of ...
The Thirty Years' War, [j] from 1618 to 1648, one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, was fought primarily in Central Europe. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [ 19 ]
The scope of this article begins in 1815, after a round of negotiations about European borders and spheres of influence were agreed upon at the Congress of Vienna. [3] The Congress of Vienna was a nine-month, pan-European meeting of statesmen who met to settle the many issues arising from the destabilising impact of the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the ...
It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states.
In the Great Northern War (1700–1721) a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. [17] The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony – Poland ...
A Companion to Europe, 1900-1950 (2011) 32 essays by scholars; emphasis on historiography; Mazower, Mark. Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (2000) 512 pp; Merriman, John, and Jay Winter, eds. Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age War and Reconstruction (5 vol. 2006) Payne, Stanley G. (2011). Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949.
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 is a 2003 book by Timothy Snyder and published by the Yale University Press.It focuses on the last few hundred years of history of several Central and Eastern European countries; in particular, states descended from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, once the largest state of early modern Europe: Poland, Ukraine ...