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The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, but does not seem to have developed these ideas in a rigorous and systematic way. . Calculations of volumes and areas, one goal of integral calculus, can be found in the Egyptian Moscow papyrus (c. 1820 BC), but the formulas are only given for concrete numbers, some are only approximately true, and they are not ...
George Finlay Simmons (March 3, 1925 [1] – August 6, 2019) [2] [3] was an American mathematician who worked in topology and classical analysis. He is known as the author of widely used textbooks on university mathematics.
In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the argument (or index) approaches some value. [1] Limits of functions are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis , and are used to define continuity , derivatives , and integrals .
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (or Leibnitz; [a] 1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who is credited, alongside Sir Isaac Newton, with the creation of calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic and statistics.
862 - The Banu Musa brothers write the "Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures", 9th century - Thābit ibn Qurra discusses the quadrature of the parabola and the volume of different types of conic sections. [5] 12th century - Bhāskara II discovers a rule equivalent to Rolle's theorem for ,
He shows that the areas are, respectively, 1, 1/6, 1/30, 1/140, etc. He next considered curves of the form y = x 1/ m and established the theorem that the area bounded by this curve and the lines x = 0 and x = 1 is equal to the area of the rectangle on the same base and of the same altitude as m : m + 1.
The above discussion uses modern mathematical notation for the types of problems that the book discusses. However, in al-Khwārizmī's day, most of this notation had not yet been invented, so he had to use ordinary text to present problems and their solutions. For example, for one problem he writes, (from an 1831 translation)
In mathematical analysis, the staircase paradox is a pathological example showing that limits of curves do not necessarily preserve their length. [1] It consists of a sequence of "staircase" polygonal chains in a unit square , formed from horizontal and vertical line segments of decreasing length, so that these staircases converge uniformly to ...