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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a particular disease within the NMOSD spectrum. It is characterised by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive myelitis. In more than 80% of NMO cases, the cause is immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 ( anti-AQP4 ), the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system.
Diagnosis requires exclusion of other neurological, ophthalmological, and systemic conditions. [3] Any cause of optic neuropathy should be ruled out, including demyelinating (MOG antibody disease, multiple sclerosis, and neuromyelitis optica) and systemic disease (diabetic, toxic, nutritional, and infectious causes). [3]
AQP4-Ab-negative NMO presents problems for diagnosis. The behavior of the oligoclonal bands respect MS [clarification needed] can help to establish a more accurate diagnosis. Oligoclonal bands in NMO are rare and they tend to disappear after the attacks, while in MS they are nearly always present and persistent. [13]
Neuromyelitis optica, or Devic's disease; Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases; Leukodystrophic or dysmyelinating disorders: CNS neuropathies such as those produced by vitamin B 12 deficiency; Central pontine myelinolysis; Myelopathies such as tabes dorsalis (syphilitic myelopathy) Leukoencephalopathies such as progressive multifocal ...
In 2008, Jackson's daughter, Ali, was diagnosed with the rare autoimmune disease neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and given four years to live. ... Ali, now 31, has defied her initial diagnosis, thanks ...
The diagnosis is usually made by a brain scan , in which areas of swelling can be identified. The treatment for PRES is supportive: removal of the cause or causes and treatment of any of the complications, such as anticonvulsants for seizures. PRES may be complicated by intracranial hemorrhage, but this is relatively rare. The majority of ...
The current diagnosis criteria for MS do not allow doctors to give an MS diagnosis until a second attack takes place. Therefore, the concept of "clinical MS", for an MS that can be diagnosed, has been developed. Until MS diagnosis has been established, nobody can tell whether the disease one is dealing with is MS. [citation needed]
In neuromyelitis optica higher AQP4 autoantibody levels are associated with the occurrence of optic neuritis. [16] Less common causes are: papilledema, brain tumor or abscess in the occipital region, cerebral trauma or hemorrhage, meningitis, arachnoidal adhesions, sinus thrombosis, liver dysfunction, or late stage kidney disease.