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Modern-era (20th to 21st century) Islamic scholars include the following, referring to religious authorities whose publications or statements are accepted as pronouncements on religion by their respective communities and adherents. Geographical categories have been created based on commonalities in culture and across the Islamic World.
Egypt and Cromer: a study in Anglo-Egyptian relations, 1968; Egypt's liberal experiment, 1922-1936, 1977; Society and the sexes in medieval Islam, 1979; Egypt in the reign of Muhammed Ali, 1983; Protest movements and religious undercurrents in Egypt, past and present, 1984; A short history of modern Egypt, 1985
Orthodox ulama or "the religious establishment" found themselves in a difficult position during the wave of Islamic activism that swept through Egypt in the 1970s and 1980s. Most Ulama, including those of Al-Azhar University, are employees of the Egyptian state who "recognize the regime’s primacy, support its stability, and legitimize its ...
In his study Religion and State in Syria (2013), [88] Pierret pointed out how the training of Syria's ulama gradually became more institutionalised, based upon the traditional madrasa system. In 1920, the madrasa of the Khusruwiyah Mosque complex (which was to be destroyed in 2014 during the Syrian Civil War ) introduced an entrance exam and a ...
The post of Grand Imam of al-Azhar, or shaykh of al-Azhar, has been filled by a member of the ulema, the religious scholars, of Egypt. The position of Grand Imam is among the most prominent roles in Islam and is often considered to be the highest authority in Islamic jurisprudence. The Grand Imam of al-Azhar is the most prominent official ...
Islam has been the state religion in Egypt since the amendment of the second article of the Egyptian constitution in the year 1980, before which Egypt was recognized as a secular country. The vast majority of Egyptian Muslims are Sunni, with a small Mu'tazila , Shia Twelvers and the Shia Ismaili communities making up the remainder. [ 65 ]
The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change is a book by Muhammad Qasim Zaman, a professor at Princeton University. Published in 2002 by Princeton University Press under the series titled Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics , this academic work examines the ulama of South Asia, with a focus on the Deobandis .
Salafism and Sufism are two major scholarly movements which have been influential in Sunni Muslim societies. [1] The debates between Salafi and Sufi schools of thought have dominated the Sunni world since the classical era, splitting their influence across religious communities and cultures, with each school competing for scholarly authority via official and unofficial religious institutions.