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Originally the second of three degrees in sequence – Legum Baccalaureus (LL.B., last conferred by an American law school in 1970); LL.M.; and Legum Doctor (LL.D.) or Doctor of Laws, which has only been conferred in the United States as an honorary degree but is an earned degree in other countries. In American legal academia, the LL.M. was ...
Honours are listed first in descending order of precedence, followed by degrees and memberships of learned societies in ascending order. Some obsolete positions are not listed unless recipients who continue to use the post-nominals even after the order becomes obsolete are still living.
Such citations and abbreviations are found in court decisions, statutes, regulations, journal articles, books, and other documents. Below is a basic list of very common abbreviations. Because publishers adopt different practices regarding how abbreviations are printed, one may find abbreviations with or without periods for each letter.
Post-nominal letters, also called post-nominal initials, post-nominal titles, designatory letters, or simply post-nominals, are letters placed after a person's name to indicate that the individual holds a position, an academic degree, accreditation, an office, a military decoration, or honour, or is a member of a religious institute or fraternity.
Degrees and diplomas, first grouped according to the corresponding Australian Qualifications Framework levels and ordered from lowest-to-highest, then in chronological order within those groups, [2] Fellowships then memberships of professional and academic bodies, Parliamentary and military designations. Full-stops are not usually used in ...
Juris Doctor diploma conferred by Columbia Law School. A Juris Doctor, Doctor of Jurisprudence, [1] or Doctor of Law [2] (JD) is a graduate-entry professional degree that primarily prepares individuals to practice law.
Example of a diploma from Suffolk University Law School conferring the Juris Doctor degree. Historically, lawyers in most European countries were addressed with the title of doctor. The first university degrees, starting with the law school of the University of Bologna in the 11th century, were all law degrees and doctorates. [23]
In academic contexts, it is common to give an abbreviation of name of the school awarding the degree after the letters for the degree itself. The way school names are abbreviated can vary. For example, a PhD from Memorial University of Newfoundland can be found written as PhD (MUN) or PhD (Memorial). When a person has multiple degrees from the ...